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Compare Egypt (2001) - San Marino (2003)

Compare Egypt (2001) z San Marino (2003)

 Egypt (2001)San Marino (2003)
 EgyptSan Marino
Administrative divisions 26 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al Ahmar, Al Buhayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah, Al Isma'iliyah, Al Jizah, Al Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah, Al Qalyubiyah, Al Wadi al Jadid, Ash Sharqiyah, As Suways, Aswan, Asyut, Bani Suwayf, Bur Sa'id, Dumyat, Janub Sina', Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina', Suhaj 9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Monte Giardino, San Marino, Serravalle
Age structure 0-14 years:
34.59% (male 12,313,585; female 11,739,072)

15-64 years:
61.6% (male 21,614,284; female 21,217,978)

65 years and over:
3.81% (male 1,160,967; female 1,490,758) (2001 est.)
0-14 years: 16.3% (male 2,364; female 2,220)


15-64 years: 67.1% (male 9,149; female 9,731)


65 years and over: 16.6% (male 2,009; female 2,646) (2003 est.)
Agriculture - products cotton, rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruits, vegetables; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats wheat, grapes, corn, olives; cattle, pigs, horses, beef, cheese, hides
Airports 90 (2000 est.) none (2002)
Airports - with paved runways total:
69

over 3,047 m:
12

2,438 to 3,047 m:
35

1,524 to 2,437 m:
17

914 to 1,523 m:
2

under 914 m:
3 (2000 est.)
-
Airports - with unpaved runways total:
21

2,438 to 3,047 m:
2

1,524 to 2,437 m:
2

914 to 1,523 m:
7

under 914 m:
10 (2000 est.)
-
Area total:
1,001,450 sq km

land:
995,450 sq km

water:
6,000 sq km
total: 61.2 sq km


land: 61.2 sq km


water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative slightly more than three times the size of New Mexico about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
Background Nominally independent from the UK in 1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty following World War II. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile river in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society. The government has struggled to ready the economy for the new millennium through economic reform and massive investment in communications and physical infrastructure. The third smallest state in Europe (after the Holy See and Monaco) also claims to be the world's oldest republic. According to tradition, it was founded by a Christian stonemason named Marinus in 301 A.D. San Marino's foreign policy is aligned with that of Italy. Social and political trends in the republic also track closely with those of its larger neighbor.
Birth rate 24.89 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) 10.49 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Budget revenues:
$22.6 billion

expenditures:
$26.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY99)
revenues: $400 million


expenditures: $400 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Capital Cairo San Marino
Climate desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers
Coastline 2,450 km 0 km (landlocked)
Constitution 11 September 1971 8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a constitution
Country name conventional long form:
Arab Republic of Egypt

conventional short form:
Egypt

local long form:
Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah

local short form:
Misr

former:
United Arab Republic (with Syria)
conventional long form: Republic of San Marino


conventional short form: San Marino


local long form: Repubblica di San Marino


local short form: San Marino
Currency Egyptian pound (EGP) euro (EUR)
Death rate 7.7 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) 7.86 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Debt - external $31 billion (2000 est.) $NA
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Daniel C. KURTZER

embassy:
5 Latin America St., Garden City, Cairo

mailing address:
Unit 64900, APO AE 09839-4900

telephone:
[20] (2) 795-7371

FAX:
[20] (2) 797-2000
the US does not have an embassy in San Marino; the US Consul General in Florence (Italy) is accredited to San Marino
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Nabil FAHMY

chancery:
3521 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:
[1] (202) 895-5400

FAX:
[1] (202) 244-4319, 5131

consulate(s) general:
Chicago, Houston, New York, and San Francisco
San Marino does not have an embassy in the US


honorary consulate(s) general: Washington, DC and New York


honorary consulate(s): Detroit and Honolulu
Disputes - international Egypt asserts its claim to the "Hala'ib Triangle," a barren area of 20,580 sq km under partial Sudanese administration that is defined by an administrative boundary which supersedes the treaty boundary of 1899 none
Economic aid - recipient ODA, $2.25 billion (1999) $NA
Economy - overview A series of IMF arrangements - along with massive external debt relief resulting from Egypt's participation in the Gulf war coalition - helped Egypt improve its macroeconomic performance during the 1990s. Sound fiscal and monetary policies through the mid-1990s helped to tame inflation, slash budget deficits, and build up foreign reserves, while structural reforms such as privatization and new business legislation prompted increased foreign investment. By mid-1998, however, the pace of structural reform slackened, and lower combined hard currency earnings resulted in pressure on the Egyptian pound and sporadic US dollar shortages. External payments were not in crisis, but Cairo's attempts to curb demand for foreign exchange convinced some investors and currency traders that government financial operations lacked transparency and coordination. Monetary pressures have since eased, however, with the 1999-2000 higher oil prices, a rebound in tourism, and a series of mini-devaluations of the pound. The development of a gas export market is a major plus factor in future growth. The tourist sector contributes over 50% of GDP. In 2000 more than 3 million tourists visited San Marino. The key industries are banking, wearing apparel, electronics, and ceramics. Main agricultural products are wine and cheeses. The per capita level of output and standard of living are comparable to those of the most prosperous regions of Italy, which supplies much of its food.
Electricity - consumption 60.157 billion kWh (1999) NA (2000)
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (1999) 0 kWh


note: electric power supplied by Italy
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (1999) 0 kWh


note: electricity supplied by Italy
Electricity - production 64.685 billion kWh (1999) NA
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
76.59%

hydro:
23.41%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
fossil fuel: 41.18%


hydro: 58.82%


nuclear: 0%


other: 0%
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Qattara Depression -133 m

highest point:
Mount Catherine 2,629 m
lowest point: Torrente Ausa 55 m


highest point: Monte Titano 755 m
Environment - current issues agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown sands; increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam; desertification; oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and marine habitats; other water pollution from agricultural pesticides, raw sewage, and industrial effluents; very limited natural fresh water resources away from the Nile which is the only perennial water source; rapid growth in population overstraining natural resources NA
Environment - international agreements party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Nuclear Test Ban


signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution
Ethnic groups Eastern Hamitic stock (Egyptians, Bedouins, and Berbers) 99%, Greek, Nubian, Armenian, other European (primarily Italian and French) 1% Sammarinese, Italian
Exchange rates Egyptian pounds per US dollar - market rate - 3.8400 (January 2001), 3.6900 (2000), 3.4050 (1999), 3.3880 (1998), 3.3880 (1997), 3.3880 (1996) euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000), 0.94 (1999)
Executive branch chief of state:
President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (since 14 October 1981)

head of government:
Prime Minister Atef OBEID (since 5 October 1999)

cabinet:
Cabinet appointed by the president

elections:
president nominated by the People's Assembly for a six-year term, the nomination must then be validated by a national, popular referendum; national referendum last held 26 September 1999 (next to be held NA October 2005); prime minister appointed by the president

election results:
national referendum validated President MUBARAK's nomination by the People's Assembly to a fourth term
chief of state: cochiefs of state Captain Regent Giovanni LONFERNINI and Captain Regent Valeria CIAVATTA (for the period 1 October 2003-31 March 2004)


head of government: Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs Fiorenzo STOLFI (since 17 December 2002)


cabinet: Congress of State elected by the Great and General Council for a five-year term


elections: cochiefs of state (captains regent) elected by the Great and General Council for a six-month term; election last held NA September 2003 (next to be held NA March 2004); secretary of state for foreign and political affairs elected by the Great and General Council for a five-year term; election last held 17 December 2002 (next to be held NA June 2007)


election results: Giovanni LONFERNINI and Valeria CIAVATTA elected captains regent; percent of legislative vote - NA%; Fiorenzo STOLFI elected secretary of state for foreign and political affairs; percent of legislative vote - 40%


note: the popularly elected parliament (Grand and General Council) selects two of its members to serve as the Captains Regent (cochiefs of state) for a six-month period; they preside over meetings of the Grand and General Council and its cabinet (Congress of State), which has 10 other members, all selected by the Grand and General Council; assisting the captains regent are 10 secretaries of state; the secretary of state for Foreign Affairs has assumed some of the prerogatives of a prime minister
Exports $7.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.) trade data are included with the statistics for Italy
Exports - commodities crude oil and petroleum products, cotton, textiles, metal products, chemicals building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts, wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, ceramics
Exports - partners EU 35%, Middle East 17%, Afro-Asian countries 14%, US 12% (1999) -
Fiscal year 1 July - 30 June calendar year
Flag description three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with the national emblem (a shield superimposed on a golden eagle facing the hoist side above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band; also similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars, and to the flag of Iraq, which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white band two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat of arms has a shield (featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked by a wreath, below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty)
GDP purchasing power parity - $247 billion (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $940 million (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
17%

industry:
32%

services:
51% (1999)
agriculture: NA%


industry: NA%


services: NA%
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $3,600 (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $34,600 (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 5% (2000 est.) 7.5% (2001 est.)
Geographic coordinates 27 00 N, 30 00 E 43 46 N, 12 25 E
Geography - note controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, shortest sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea; size, and juxtaposition to Israel, establish its major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics; dependence on upstream neighbors; dominance of Nile basin issues; prone to influxes of refugees landlocked; smallest independent state in Europe after the Holy See and Monaco; dominated by the Apennines
Heliports 2 (2000 est.) -
Highways total:
64,000 km

paved:
50,000 km

unpaved:
14,000 km (1996)
total: 220 km


paved: 220 km


unpaved: 0 km (2001)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
4.4%

highest 10%:
25% (1995)
lowest 10%: NA%


highest 10%: NA%
Illicit drugs a transit point for Southwest Asian and Southeast Asian heroin and opium moving to Europe, Africa, and the US; popular transit stop for Nigerian couriers -
Imports $17 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.) trade data are included with the statistics for Italy
Imports - commodities machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, wood products, fuels wide variety of consumer manufactures, food
Imports - partners EU 36%, US 14%, Afro-Asian countries 14%, Middle East 6% (1999) -
Independence 28 February 1922 (from UK) 3 September 301
Industrial production growth rate 2.1% (2000 est.) 6% (1997 est.)
Industries textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, hydrocarbons, construction, cement, metals tourism, banking, textiles, electronics, ceramics, cement, wine
Infant mortality rate 60.46 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) total: 5.97 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 6.41 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 5.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 3% (2000) 3.3% (2001)
International organization participation ABEDA, ACC, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, BSEC (observer), CAEU, CCC, EBRD, ECA, ESCWA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UNTAET, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO CE, ECE, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, OPCW, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WToO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 50 (2000) 2 (2000)
Irrigated land 32,460 sq km (1993 est.) NA sq km
Judicial branch Supreme Constitutional Court Council of Twelve or Consiglio dei XII
Labor force 19.9 million (2000 est.) 18,500 (1999)
Labor force - by occupation agriculture 29%, services 49%, industry 22% (FY99) services 57%, industry 42%, agriculture 1% (2000 est.)
Land boundaries total:
2,689 km

border countries:
Gaza Strip 11 km, Israel 255 km, Libya 1,150 km, Sudan 1,273 km
total: 39 km


border countries: Italy 39 km
Land use arable land:
2%

permanent crops:
0%

permanent pastures:
0%

forests and woodland:
0%

other:
98% (1993 est.)
arable land: 16.67%


permanent crops: 0%


other: 83.33% (1998 est.)
Languages Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes Italian
Legal system based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; judicial review by Supreme Court and Council of State (oversees validity of administrative decisions); accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations based on civil law system with Italian law influences; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch bicameral system consists of the People's Assembly or Majlis al-Sha'b (454 seats; 444 elected by popular vote, 10 appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms) and the Advisory Council or Majlis al-Shura - which functions only in a consultative role (264 seats; 176 elected by popular vote, 88 appointed by the president; members serve NA-year terms)

elections:
People's Assembly - three-phase voting - last held 19 October, 29 October, 8 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2005); Advisory Council - last held 7 June 1995 (next to be held NA)

election results:
People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NDP 88%, independents 8%, opposition 4%; seats by party - NDP 398, NWP 7, Tagammu 6, Nasserists 2, LSP 1, independents 38, undecided 2; Advisory Council - percent of vote by party - NDP 99%, independents 1%; seats by party - NA
unicameral Grand and General Council or Consiglio Grande e Generale (60 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve five-year terms)


elections: last held 10 June 2001 (next to be held by June 2006)


election results: percent of vote by party - PDCS 41.4%, PSS 24.2%, PD 20.8%, APDS 8.2%, RC 3.4%, AN 1.9%; seats by party - PDCS 25, PSS 15, PD 12, APDS 5, RC 2, AN 1
Life expectancy at birth total population:
63.69 years

male:
61.62 years

female:
65.85 years (2001 est.)
total population: 81.43 years


male: 77.9 years


female: 85.26 years (2003 est.)
Literacy definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
51.4%

male:
63.6%

female:
38.8% (1995 est.)
definition: age 10 and over can read and write


total population: 96%


male: 97%


female: 95% (1976 est.)
Location Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip Southern Europe, an enclave in central Italy
Map references Africa Europe
Maritime claims contiguous zone:
24 NM

continental shelf:
200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone:
200 NM

territorial sea:
12 NM
none (landlocked)
Merchant marine total:
181 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,336,678 GRT/1,982,220 DWT

ships by type:
bulk 23, cargo 61, container 2, liquefied gas 1, passenger 61, petroleum tanker 15, roll on/roll off 15, short-sea passenger 3 (2000 est.)
-
Military branches Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Command Voluntary Military Force (Corpi Militari Voluntar), Gendarmerie; note - the Voluntary Military Force performs ceremonial duties and limited police assistance
Military expenditures - dollar figure $4.04 billion (FY99/00) $700,000 (FY00/01)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 4.1% (FY99/00) NA%
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49:
18,562,994 (2001 est.)
-
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49:
12,020,059 (2001 est.)
-
Military manpower - military age 20 years of age -
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males:
712,983 (2001 est.)
-
National holiday Revolution Day, 23 July (1952) Founding of the Republic, 3 September (301)
Nationality noun:
Egyptian(s)

adjective:
Egyptian
noun: Sammarinese (singular and plural)


adjective: Sammarinese
Natural hazards periodic droughts; frequent earthquakes, flash floods, landslides, volcanic activity; hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occurs in spring; dust storms, sandstorms NA
Natural resources petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc building stone
Net migration rate -0.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) 11.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Pipelines crude oil 1,171 km; petroleum products 596 km; natural gas 460 km -
Political parties and leaders Nasserist Arab Democratic Party or Nasserists [Dia' al-din DAWUD]; National Democratic Party or NDP [President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK, leader] - governing party; National Progressive Unionist Grouping or Tagammu [Khalid MUHI AL-DIN]; New Wafd Party or NWP [No'man GOMA]; Socialist Liberal Party or LSP [leader NA]

note:
formation of political parties must be approved by government
Communist Refoundation or RC [Ivan FOSHI]; Ideas in Movement or IM [Alessandro ROSSI]; National Alliance or AN [leader NA]; Party of Democrats or PD [Claudio FELICI]; San Marino Christian Democratic Party or PDCS [Giovanni LONFERNINI]; San Marino Popular Alliance of Democrats or APDS [Roberto GIORGETTI]; San Marino Socialist Party or PSS [Alberto CECCHETTI]; Socialists for Reform or SR [Renzo GIARDI]
Political pressure groups and leaders despite a constitutional ban against religious-based parties, the technically illegal Muslim Brotherhood constitutes MUBARAK's potentially most significant political opposition; MUBARAK tolerated limited political activity by the Brotherhood for his first two terms, but moved more aggressively since then to block its influence; civic society groups are sanctioned, but constrained in practical terms; trade unions and professional associations are officially sanctioned NA
Population 69,536,644 (July 2001 est.) 28,119 (July 2003 est.)
Population below poverty line 22.9% (FY95/96 est.) NA%
Population growth rate 1.69% (2001 est.) 1.38% (2003 est.)
Ports and harbors Alexandria, Al Ghardaqah, Aswan, Asyut, Bur Safajah, Damietta, Marsa Matruh, Port Said, Suez none
Radio broadcast stations AM 42 (plus 15 repeaters), FM 14, shortwave 3 (1999) AM 0, FM 3, shortwave 0 (1998)
Radios 20.5 million (1997) -
Railways total:
4,955 km

standard gauge:
4,955 km 1,435-m gauge (42 km electrified; 1,560 km double track) (2000)
0 km; note - there is a 1.5-km cable railway connecting the city of San Marino to Borgo Maggiore
Religions Muslim (mostly Sunni) 94%, Coptic Christian and other 6% Roman Catholic
Sex ratio at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.78 male(s)/female

total population:
1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
at birth: 1.09 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female


total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal and compulsory 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment:
large system; underwent extensive upgrading during 1990s and is reasonably modern; Internet access and cellular service are available

domestic:
principal centers at Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia, Suez, and Tanta are connected by coaxial cable and microwave radio relay

international:
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat; 5 coaxial submarine cables; tropospheric scatter to Sudan; microwave radio relay to Israel; a participant in Medarabtel and a signatory to Project Oxygen (a global submarine fiber-optic cable system)
general assessment: adequate connections


domestic: automatic telephone system completely integrated into Italian system


international: connected to Italian international network
Telephones - main lines in use 3,971,500 (December 1998) 18,000 (1998)
Telephones - mobile cellular 380,000 (1999) 3,010 (1998)
Television broadcast stations 98 (September 1995) 1 (San Marino residents also receive broadcasts from Italy) (1997)
Terrain vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta rugged mountains
Total fertility rate 3.07 children born/woman (2001 est.) 1.31 children born/woman (2003 est.)
Unemployment rate 11.5% (2000 est.) 2.6% (2001)
Waterways 3,500 km

note:
including the Nile, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo Waterway, and numerous smaller canals in the delta; Suez Canal (193.5 km including approaches), used by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 16.1 m of water
none
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